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a004  2145  02 Mar 79
PM-Topic-Captain Cook, Bjt,770
TODAY'S TOPIC: Capt. Cook, Explorer
Laserphoto NY9
By GRAHAM HEATHCOTE
Associated Press Writer
    LONDON (AP) - With a customary mixture of high scholarship and
simple sentiment, Britain is remembering one of her illustrious sons,
explorer-navigator Capt. James Cook, killed in Hawaii 200 years ago.
    School children in Whitby, the northeast England port where he went
to sea in 1746, went to his statue to lay flowers.
    An evening song service in Westminster Abbey, attended by a host of
seamen and sailors, gave thanks for his life, and a permanent
memorial to him will be erected there in October.
    The British Broadcasting Corp. has been transmitting bicentenary
memorial programs.
    At the Museum of Mankind, the rich collections of Cook material in
the British Museum and the British Library have gone on show in an
exhibition called ''Captain Cook in the South Seas.''
    Exhibits also have come from the United States, Canada, Australia,
Hawaii and Austria, where the Vienna ethnography museum, Museum fur
Volkerkunde, lent a unique, Hawaiian miniature temple made from bird
feathers, which once belonged to Cook.
    The great voyager, son of a poor Scottish laborer, was born in
Yorkshire on Oct. 27, 1728, and apprenticed to a shopkeeper. At 18, he
gave it up to enter the coastal coal trade.
    The locally built, three-masted ship he learned so well to handle
was known as a ''cat-collier.'' It had a blunt bow and broad belly and
was the type he chose for all his expeditions of discovery.
    Cook joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and his talents soon brought him
command as Britain and France struggled for mastery in North America.
    The spring of 1759 found Cook in the St. Lawrence River, charting a
notorious zig-zag called the Traverse. Cook's chart of the channel
approaching Quebec enabled the forces of Gen. James Wolfe to capture
the city in September, leading to British dominion in Canada.
    For the next 20 years, until he succumbed to a Hawaiian attack on
Feb. 14, 1779, in Kealakekua Bay, Cook became famous among his
countrymen for his worldwide surveying voyages in the ships Endeavour
and Resolution, his vivid reports of his discoveries, and the
sketches, artifacts and wildlife that he and his scientists and
artists sent home from the far corners of the globe.
    In 11 years, Cook circumnavigated the world three times. He kept his
crews free of scurvy and other diseases by enforcing strict hygiene
and compelling them to eat such things as onions and sauerkraut.
    He opened huge tracts of the Pacific and revealed a range of
previously unknown cultures. His reports conjured a vision of abundant
simplicity that fascinated Europeans jaded by money-making, war and
all the rest of a complex civilization.
    Retired Royal Navy Cmdr. David W. Waters, an authority on
navigation, said: ''All historians subsequently and all competent
seamen consider James Cook to be the greatest sea explorer not only in
his own time but in all history. He not only discovered new lands but
charted them with exemplary precision.''
    Jonathan King, who helped organize the exhibition, said in an
interview: ''Cook sailed farther and explored a greater area of the
Earth's surface than any previous navigator.
    ''He made the first accurate surveys of New Zealand, the east coast
of Australia, the northwest coast of North America and the islands of
the Pacific, discovered Hawaii and New Caledonia and indicated the
existence of the Antarctic continent,'' King said.
    ''His scientific achievements in improving navigation and
controlling scurvy extended the possibilities for explorataon and
discovery, and his observations of the peoples of the Pacific revealed
a new world to students of mankind.''
    Cook regretfully prophesied that the peoples of the Pacific would
regret the coming of the white man. In 1773, he wrote:
    ''We introduce among them wants and perhaps diseases which they
never before knew and which serve only to disturb that happy
tranquility they and their forefathers had enjoyed.''
    The exhibition charts how the warning came true.
    Liquor, disease and guns brought by Europeans reduced Tahiti's
population from 40,000 in Cook's time to 6,000 by the early 19th
century. Armed with European muskets, the Maoris of New Zealand
intensified their ancient feuding so that the population estimated in
1769 at 100,000 fell to 37,000 within a century.
    The arrival in Australia of British convicts and later settlers
forced the Aborigines out of old hunting grounds into the inhospitable
interior. By the 1850s, European diseases had so reduced the
population of Hawaii that Asian immigrant labor was brought in. Today
only 1 percent of the inhabitants are of pure Hawaiian descent.
    The exhibition catalogue notes the irony that botanists who sailed
with Cook dried their botanical specimens in proof sheets of a
commentary on John Milton's ''Paradise Lost.''
    
ap-ny-03-03 0047EST
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ap-ny-03-03 0316EST
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n913  0308  03 Mar 79
 
BC-Canada 03-03
Editors: The following is from the London Telegraph Foreign Service.
It is for use only in the United States and Canada.
Daily Telegraph, London
    MONTREAL - The belief that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's
political fortunes are once again rising has been reinforced by an
opinion poll that shows his Liberal party is 5 per centage points
ahead of the Conservatives.
    The poll conducted by Canadian television, shows an abrupt reversal
since last month, when the Conservatives were in the lead.
    Since then, Joe Clarke, 39, the Tory leader has made a
remarkably bumbling world tour during which he lost his baggage and
committed well-publicized gaffs.
    As the Canadian political process has a strong element
of the American presidential system, the standing of the party
leader is of great importance to his party.
    The new poll was conducted before the leaks to a Washington
newspaper of extracts from Margaret Trudeau's account of her life
as the Prime Minister's wife.
    However, the general impression is that the indiscretions of Mrs.
Trudeau already have been discounted and her revelations about
her pot smoking and other activities will do little, if any, further
damage.
    There has been no press or television comment on the extracts and
the most general private reaction in this staid but decent society
has been a sad, ''poor guy.''
    Trudeau has to call an election within the next three months. But
although the poll shows the Liberals leading the Tories by 
42 points to 37 with the National Democratic party gathering 17
per cent of the vote, his position still is far from strong.
    It is unlikely that the Liberals will win any seats in the
increasingly important Western provinces and in Ontario they are
still well behind the Conservatives.
    If Trudeau is to hold on to power - which he has now held for more
than 10 years - it is essential that he wins in Ontario, which
returns a third of the seats in the Parliament.
    The election will be a vital one since Rene Levesque, the Quebec
separatist prime minister, will call a referendum on independence
for the province during the first 12 months of the new federal
government's term.
    The separatists consider the French-speaking Trudeau, whose Liberals
are strong in Quebec, a formidable obstacle to their ambitions. They
believe their chances of negotiating an agreement with the federal
government will be much greater if Clarke and the Conservatives
are returned.
jj    03-03 (Endit Telegraph)
 
 
cd
...
(End missing.)
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n065  1332  03 Mar 79
 
BC-INDO 1stadd
NYT HONG KONG: Indochina war.
    With the fall of Dong Khe, Cao Bang, at the western end of Route 4,
was cut off by land. The French commander ordered its evacuation by
foot, down the road already held by the Vietminh. On Oct. 3, 1950,
Cao Bang's 2,600-man garrison set out down Route 4. It was a mixed
lot of Foreign Legionnaires, mostly Germans, North Africans and local
hill tribesmen loyal to the French, along with 500 civilians.
    The Vietminh knew the country intimately. In 1941, when Ho Chi Minh,
then a Comintern agent, returned to Vietnam after a 30-year absence,
he set up his headquarters in a cave near Cao Bang. It was here that
he, Giap and Pham Van Dong, now Vietnam's premier, founded the
Vietminh.
    The French evacuation plan also called for a relief column of 3,500
Moroccan troops to fight their way up Route 4 to rendezvous with the
group retreating from Cao Bang. But the Vietminh were waiting for
both columns, and in a four-day battle, forced them into the jungle
and killed them virtually to the last man.
    Greatly unnerved by the disaster, the French next abandoned Lang
Son, their major border fortress and at the time a ''pleasant town of
10,000 constructed in the French provincial style with wide streets
and low yellow houses,'' according to Seymour Topping, in his book
''Journey Between Two Chinas.''
    Lang Son lay astride the junction of Route 4 and the road to the
main pass into China, 15 miles to the north. This was the main
invasion path that the Chinese had taken in past centuries, the route
of Vietnamese missions of tribute to Peking and the scene of China's
strongest offensive thrust now.
    In 1950, the French fled from Lang Son so hastily that they forget
to destroy its huge stocks of supplies - 11,000 tons of ammunition,
great quantities of gasoline and enough rifles to supply a Vietminh
division.
    Bernard B. Fall, one of the ablest historians of the period, said of
the French disaster on Route 4, ''When the smoke cleared, the French
had suffered their greatest colonial defeat since Montcalm died at
Quebec.''
    
ny-0303 1633est
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n098  1841  04 Mar 79
 
BC-CANTRADE
By CLYDE H. FARNSWORTH
c. 1979 N.Y. Times News Service
    WASHINGTON - The United States and its biggest trading partner,
Canada, have taken a significant step toward establishing a North
American free-trade zone as part of a new international trade
liberalization pact, officials of both governments report.
    An understanding that could make more than 80 percent of the trade
flowing between the two countries duty-free, substantially reduce
other existing tariffs and eliminate nontariff barriers was reached
in secret negotiations at the Barclay Hotel in New York on Feb. 23,
the officials said.
    Special Trade Representative for the United States Robert S. Strauss
and the Canadian coordinator for trade negotiations, Jake Warren, who
is a former Canadian ambassador to Washington, hammered out what
aides said were the rough outlines of an accord.
    Some 70 percent of the $60 billion a year of trade between the two
nations is already duty-free under a bilateral agreement reached as
part of the last effort at trade liberalization, the Kennedy Round of
the 1960s. More than 20 percent of American exports are bought by
Canada. The United States buys between 60 percent to 70 percent of
Canada's exports.
    Under the accord, present duties of 5 percent or less on a variety
of manufactures, such as elevators, parts for machinery and moving
equipment, would be reduced to zero.
    Where existing duties are higher than 5 percent, these would be cut
by about one-third, except for sensitive products where import levels
are already considered excessive. Qualifying for lesser cuts in this
category are such products as textiles, footwear and certain
petrochemicals.
    Until the Barclay meeting, where the negotiators were locked in a
suite for a marathon negotiating session, the two sides had been far
apart.
    A Washington trade consultant, Harald B. Malmgren, said two of
Canada's main demands were for American concessions for Alberta to
allow it to export more petrochemicals, especially methanol, and for
concessions on so-called boxed beef (frozen beef shipped in
containers).
    But the Canadian position on petrochemicals was complicated by
demands of two other provinces, Ontario and Quebec, for protection of
their own petrochemical industries from imports.
    The American industry is similarly not anxious to see much foreign
competition in this sector.
    ''In the crunch,'' Malmgren said, ''United States stubbornness on
petrochemicals and Canada's confusion suggest that Alberta's hopes to
build a petrochemicals industry based on exports to the United States
will not be helped much.''
    The principal American demand was that Canada sign an agreement
altering its method of customs valuation to bring Canadian practice
into line with that of other nations. The way a country values
imports for the assessment of duties is often as important as the
tariff-rate itself in determining the duty charged.
    A high Canadian official said it now seemed likely that his country
would sign the agreement, although a final decision has yet to be
made.
    
ny-0304 2140est
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a252  1524  10 Mar 79
AM-Seal Hunt,420
By SID MOODY
Associated Press Writer
    ABOARD THE SEA SHEPHERD (AP) - This ship, with half her crew in
jail, was immobilized Saturday in the ice of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
en route from a sealing protest that resulted in a scuffle with
Canadian authorities.
    The Sea Shepherd was battering through packed ice up to 4-feet thick
toward Sydney, Nova Scotia, 150 miles away, when she was stopped by
the ice at midmorning Saturday.
    Her Loran navigational system was broken, her hull was ringing like
a kettle drum from her efforts to crack through the ice and her chief
engineer was threatening to quit from exhaustion.
    Author-lecturer Cleveland Amory, head of the Fund for Animals which
owns the 18-year-old 192-foot British trawler, was helicoptered off
at noon to attend a court hearing for his eight crewmen arrested after
the protest early Friday.
    After Amory departed, the Sea Shepherd's sailing master, Leslie
Fewster, said he would radio for a Canadian icebreaker to escort the
veesel to Sydney.
    The engineers have been standing six-hour watches backing and
filling the rusted old ship through ice she was never designed to
encounter.
    Fewster questioned how long the ship's hull and steering gear could
take the strain.
    Thirty-two persons were aboard when the ship left Boston a week ago
Friday to protest the hunting of newborn harp seals, prized for their
white fur.
    Two vessels are taking seals about 60 nautical miles north of the
Magdalens, part of Quebec province. Actual hunting in the area
appeared likely to be delayed until Monday by bad weather and ice
conditions.
    Eight crew members, including the first mate, were arrested by
Canadian authorities after they sneaked on the ice in darkness to
spray pup seals with an organic, red dye.
    Amory said the dye is harmless but ''just about indelible.'' The
protesters' intention was to render the pup seals worthless as furs so
hunters would bypass them.
    Two newsmen were helicoptered off by the Canadian Coast Guard as was
a fund attorney whose mother had suffered a stroke.
    A skeleton crew tried to keep the vessel going. One newsman became
second mate. A reporter for a Canadian radio station became a radio
operator. And the engineering crew, constantly reversing the ship's
diesel engine, were also shorthanded.
    There was ample food and water aboard.
    Fewster said he would ask authorities to return several of his key
men to the ship.
    
ap-ny-03-10 1825EST
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